If we want a world in which all 8 billion of us have the opportunity to flourish—to live long, healthy, prosperous, fulfilling lives—we need to use more, not less, fossil fuel going forward.

I explain this comprehensively in my book Fossil Future. Here’s a summary of my case, the principles it is based on, and the facts that support it.

Why do I believe the world needs to increase fossil fuel use when so many tell us to rapidly eliminate fossil fuel use?

Because it follows from 3 irrefutable principles for thinking about fossil fuels that I, as a philosopher and energy expert, follow—and most “experts” don't.
My 3 irrefutable principles for thinking about fossil fuels, which no opponent has ever challenged:

1. Factor in fossil fuels’ benefits
2. Factor in fossil fuels’ “climate mastery benefits”
3. Factor in fossil fuels’ negative and positive climate side-effects with precision
Irrefutable principle 1: Factor in fossil fuels’ benefits

When we’re evaluating what to do about any technology we must factor in not only its negative side-effects but also its benefits.

E.g., oil-powered equipment and natural gas fertilizer are crucial to feeding 8 billion people.
Even though we obviously need to factor in fossil fuels’ benefits, not just their negative side-effects, most designated experts totally fail to do this.

E.g., “expert” Michael Mann 100% ignores fossil fuels’ unique agricultural benefits in his book on fossil fuels and climate.
Irrefutable principle 2: Factor in fossil fuels’ “climate mastery benefits”

One huge benefit we get from fossil fuels is the ability to master climate danger—e.g., fossil fueled cooling, heating, irrigation—which can potentially neutralize fossil fuels’ negative climate impacts.
Even though we obviously need to factor in fossil fuels’ climate mastery benefits, our designated experts totally fail to do this.

E.g., the UN IPCC’s multi-thousand page reports totally omit fossil fueled climate mastery! That’s like a polio report omitting the polio vaccine.
Irrefutable principle 3: Factor in fossil fuels’ negative and positive climate side-effects with precision

With rising CO2 we must consider both negatives (more heatwaves) and positives (fewer cold deaths). And we must be precise, not equating some impact with huge impact.
Even though we obviously need to factor in both negative and positive impacts of rising CO2 with precision, most designated experts ignore big positives (e.g., global greening) while catastrophizing negatives (e.g., Gore portrays 20 ft sea level rise as imminent when extreme UN projections are 3ft/100yrs).
If you follow my 3 irrefutable principles for thinking about fossil fuels—factoring in fossil fuels’ 1) benefits, 2) climate mastery benefits, and 3) precise negative and positive climate side-effects—the facts show that we need a Fossil Future.

Consider 10 undeniable facts
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5 undeniable facts about fossil fuels’ benefits

1. Human flourishing requires cost-effective energy
2. Far more energy is needed
3. Fossil fuels are uniquely cost-effective
4. Unreliable solar and wind are failing to replace fossil fuels
5. Fossil fuels give us an incredible climate mastery ability
Undeniable energy fact 1: Cost-effective energy is essential to human flourishing

Cost-effective energy—affordable, reliable, versatile, scalable energy—is essential to human flourishing because gives us the ability to use machines to become productive and prosperous.
Thanks to today’s unprecedented availability of cost-effective energy (mostly fossil fuel) the world has never been a better place for human life. Life expectancy and income have been skyrocketing, with extreme poverty (<$2/day) plummeting from 42% in 1980 to <10% today.1
Undeniable energy fact 2: The world needs much more energy

Billions of people lack the cost-effective energy they need to flourish. 3 billion use less electricity than a typical American refrigerator. 1/3 of the world uses wood/dung for heating/cooking. Much more energy is needed.2
The desperate lack of life-giving, cost-effective energy means that any replacement for fossil fuels must not only provide energy to the 2B who use significant amounts of energy today but to the 6B who use far less. Restricting fossil fuels without incredible alternatives is mass-murder.
Undeniable energy fact 3: Fossil fuels are uniquely cost-effective

Despite 100+ years of aggressive competition, fossil fuels provide 80%+ of the world’s energy and they are still growing fast—especially in the countries most concerned with cost-effective energy. E.g., China.3
Fossil fuels are uniquely able to provide energy that's low-cost, reliable, and versatile on a scale of billions of people. This is due to fossil fuels' combo of remarkable attributes—fossil fuels are naturally stored, concentrated, and abundant energy—and generations of innovation by industry.
There is currently only one energy tech that can match (actually exceed) fossil fuels’ combo of naturally stored, concentrated, abundant energy: nuclear. Nuclear may one day outcompete all uses of fossil fuels, but this will take radical policy reform and generations of innovation + work.
Recent price spikes in fossil fuels do not reflect some new lack of cost-effectiveness on the part of fossil fuels, but rather the devastating effects of “green energy” efforts to artificially restrict the supply of fossil fuels on the false promise that unreliable solar/wind can replace them.
Undeniable energy fact 4: Unreliable solar/wind are failing to replace fossil fuels

Despite claims that solar + wind are rapidly replacing fossil fuels, they provide < 5% of world energy—only electricity, ⅕ of energy—and even that depends on huge subsidies and reliable (mostly fossil-fueled) power plants.4
Solar and wind’s basic problem is unreliability, to the point they can go near-0 at any time. Thus they don’t replace reliable power, they parasite on it. This is why they need huge subsidies and why no grid is near 50% solar/wind without huge parasitism on reliable neighbors.5
The popular idea that we can use mostly or all solar/wind with sufficient battery backup is not being tried anywhere because it’s economically absurd. Batteries are so expensive that just 3 days of global backup using Elon Musk’s Megapacks would cost $400T, >4X global GDP.6
For solar/wind to rapidly replace fossil fuels would require magically, immediately fixing their intractable problems providing electricity, then providing the 4/5 of world energy that isn’t electricity, then doing that for the world’s far greater energy needs going forward.
Unfortunately, there are opportunistic anti-fossil-fuel activist academics who have been feeding the absurd fantasy of rapid global replacement of fossil fuels via unreliable solar and wind. These academics are squarely responsible for today’s global crisis of insufficient fossil fuel supply.
All academic schemes to replace fossil fuels with mostly solar/wind share 3 absurd assumptions:
1) schemes never tried anywhere will cheaply work everywhere the 1st time
2) a crash program of unprecedented mining will be cheap
3) today’s anti-development politics won’t slow anything down
Bottom line: If we recognize the undeniable facts about energy, we must conclude that if 8 billion people are going to have the cost-effective energy they need to flourish, in the far greater quantities needed, fossil fuel use needs to increase. Rapidly restricting it is deadly, period.
The life-or-death benefits of fossil fuels to the ability of 8 billion people to flourish are true regardless of how severe the negative climate side-effects of fossil fuels are. Those who think fossil fuels’ CO2 emissions are apocalyptic still should acknowledge that rapid fossil fuel elimination is apocalyptic.
Those of us who recognize the benefits of fossil fuels should be open to evidence of extremely negative climate side-effects of fossil fuels. But once we learn certain undeniable facts about fossil fuels’ climate benefits and side-effects the idea of climate apocalypse is totally refuted.
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Undeniable energy fact 5: Fossil fuel energy gives us an incredible climate mastery ability

Fossil fuels have helped drive down climate disaster deaths by 98% over the last century by powering the amazing machines that protect us against storms, extreme temperatures, and drought.7
Given that fossil fuels give us such amazing mastery over massive natural climate danger, they can give us the same mastery over any manmade climate danger from fossil fuels’ CO2 emissions. E.g., if fossil fuels increased drought 10% they could overwhelm that via irrigation and crop transport.
Climate mastery is so powerful that for CO2 emissions to be apocalyptic enough to justify rapid fossil fuel restriction, let alone elimination, they'd need to have unprecedented impacts like:
- Seas rising ft per decade
- Storms becoming 2X more powerful
Science shows nothing like this.
5 undeniable facts about fossil fuels’ climate side-effects

1. CO2 emissions correlate with 1°C warming, + greening
2. Deaths from cold > deaths from heat
3. CO2 warming occurs more in colder places
4. CO2 warming diminishes as levels rise
5. Even IPCC extreme projections are masterable
Undeniable climate fact 1: CO2 emissions correlate with 1°C warming, + greening

Fossil fuels' CO2 emissions have contributed to the warming of the last 170 years, but that warming has been mild and manageable—1° C. Here's what that looks like compared to normal temp changes.8
CO2 emissions have also driven significant greening of the planet over the last 170 years, including during this recent 33-year period documented by NASA. This combined with 1° C warming is not remotely catastrophic and is in many ways beneficial.

As for future warming...👇9
Undeniable climate fact 2: Deaths from cold far exceed deaths from heat

While leading institutions portray a world as increasingly riddled with heat-related death, the fact is that even though Earth has gotten 1°C warmer far more people die from cold than heat (even in India!).10
More warming for the foreseeable future is expected to reduce temperature-related mortality on its own. If we factor in the massive temperature mastery benefits that fossil fuels provide we are incomparably better off temp-wise with fossil fuels than without them.
We could drastically reduce temperature-related mortality if more of the people who currently use very little energy became empowered with fossil fuels ASAP. Depriving the poor of fossil fuels would cause countless temp-related deaths in the future.
Undeniable climate fact 3: Warming from CO2 occurs more in colder places

The mainstream view in climate science is that more warming will be concentrated in colder places (Northern latitudes) and at colder times (nighttime) and during colder seasons (winter).11

This is good news.
While we're taught to think of warming as “global” or even concentrated in the hottest parts of the world, it is in fact concentrated in the coldest parts of the world during the coldest times. That makes warming less disruptive and in many cases beneficial.

Especially since…12
Undeniable climate fact 4: Rising CO2 leads to diminishing warming

Mainstream climate science is unanimous about a conclusion that the public is, shamefully, not made aware of: the “greenhouse effect” of CO2 is a diminishing effect, with additional CO2 leading to less warming.
While we’re taught to think that warming will accelerate indefinitely as CO2 levels rise, this contradicts the physics of the greenhouse effect (and the history of Earth). That’s why even the UN’s most extreme scenarios show warming leveling off as CO2 levels rise.13
Undeniable climate fact 5: IPCC projected impacts are masterable with fossil fuels

Even the IPCC, with many catastrophist tendencies, projects impacts from warming and associated climate changes that would be masterable with fossil fuels. E.g., storms being 1-10% more intense.14
The most plausible danger of rising CO2 levels and temps is rapid sea level rises that would destroy coastal investments. But extreme UN projections are just 3 feet in 100 years. Future generations can master that. (We already have 100M people living below high-tide sea level.)15
Note: the UN IPCC is an extremely flawed, catastrophizing organization. It denies the enormous life-or-death benefits of fossil fuels—most shamefully of all, the climate mastery benefits of fossil fuels that have driven climate-related disaster deaths to all-time lows.
The bottom line with fossil fuels’ climate side-effects is that any negatives will continue to be masterable—and there will be benefits such as warming in cold places and continued global greening.

This nowhere near apocalyptic—whereas losing fossil fuels' benefits would be apocalyptic.
Summary: If we look at the undeniable facts about fossil fuels and climate using 3 irrefutable principles for thinking about fossil fuels—factoring in fossil fuels’ 1) benefits, 2) climate mastery benefits, and 3) precise negative and positive climate side-effects—we clearly need more fossil fuel.
Note: To fully think about the benefits and side-effects of fossil fuels you also must factor in non-climate side-effects, e.g., air/water emissions. I do this in Fossil Future. Bottom line: these are 1) hugely outweighed by benefits and 2) reducible cost-effectively as the US has shown.16
You might be wondering: Why do our leading thinkers make the errors of ignoring the benefits of fossil fuels and catastrophizing their climate side-effects?

My answer: they accept, sometimes knowingly sometimes not, anti-human assumptions and anti-human values.
The major philosophical reason leading thinkers catastrophize the side-effects of fossil fuels is a false assumption I call “the delicate nurturer”: Earth/climate unimpacted by humans exists in a delicate, nurturing (stable, safe, sufficient) balance that human impact ruins.
Insofar as you believe that Earth is a “delicate nurturer,” you believe that human beings are “parasite polluters” whose impact on Earth will inevitably lead to disaster. That’s why catastrophists keep thinking their next catastrophe prediction will be the one that’s right.
The truth is that Earth is not a “delicate nurturer” but “wild potential” (dynamic, deficient, dangerous) and human beings are “producer-improvers” who can impact it for the better. When you recognize this truth you value human impact and expect us overcome problems.
The major philosophical reason leading thinkers ignore fossil fuels’ benefits is that their primary moral goal is not advancing human flourishing on Earth but eliminating human impact on Earth. Because fossil fuels' benefits impact Earth a lot they are viewed as unimportant and even bad.
Observe that leading opponents of fossil fuels are not just hostile to fossil fuels but also to nuclear, hydro, and the mining and development involved in solar and wind. Always because of their impact on Earth. Clearly they prioritize eliminating impact over human flourishing.
Realizing that leading thinkers and institutions were driven by anti-human ideas to ignore fossil fuels’ benefits and catastrophize their side-effects motivated me as a philosopher to become an energy expert and discover the truth about fossil fuels' benefits and side-effects.
The ultimate synthesis of my 15 years of trying to understand the full benefits and side-effects of fossil fuels is my new, blockbuster book Fossil Future: Why Global Human Flourishing Requires More Oil, Coal, and Natural Gas—Not Less.
If you are a student or educator, you can get a free copy of Fossil Future from Young America's Foundation. Just use this link.
In the 3 months Fossil Future has been out, many people have attacked me personally or tried to straw-man my case. But no one has come close to refuting my case. Because it's based on irrefutable principles and undeniable facts.
FossilFuture.com
Here are some of the dozens of endorsements Fossil Future has gotten. But to me the most important endorsements are the daily ones I see from people who say Fossil Future changed their mind on this issue.
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Alex Epstein @AlexEpstein

The irrefutable case for a Fossil Future If we want a world in which all 8 billion of us have the opportunity to flourish—to live long, healthy, prosperous, fulfilling lives—we need to use *more*, not less, fossil fuel going forward. A summary of my book Fossil Future. 🧵👇

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Alex Epstein @AlexEpstein

The irrefutable case for a Fossil Future If we want a world in which all 8 billion of us have the opportunity to flourish—to live long, healthy, prosperous, fulfilling lives—we need to use *more*, not less, fossil fuel going forward. A summary of my book Fossil Future. 🧵👇

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1

Maddison Database 2010 at the Groningen Growth and Development Centre, Faculty of Economics and Business at University of Groningen
World Bank Data
Scripps Institution of Oceanography - The Keeling Curve

2

IEA - Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

3

BP - Statistical Review of World Energy

4

Alex Epstein - Talking Points on the reconciliation bill, part 2: the 10-year extension of solar and wind subsidies

5

Alex Epstein - Talking Points on the "Other countries have 80% clean electricity" argument

6

“The battery pack portion of it is less than $200/kWh. Power electronics and servicing over 15 to 20 years take the price up to roughly $300/kWh.”
Cleantechnica - Tesla Megapack, Powerpack, & Powerwall Battery Storage Prices Per KWh

World energy consumption is 583.9 Exajoule annually or 4.8 EJ per 3 days ≈ 1,330 TWh (1 EJ ≈ 278 TWh)
1,330 TWh * $300/kWh = $399 trillion.
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020

Global annual GDP <$100 trillion.
World Bank Data

7

For every million people on earth, annual deaths from climate-related causes (extreme temperature, drought, flood, storms, wildfires) declined 98%--from an average of 247 per year during the 1920s to 2.5 in per year during the 2010s.

Data on disaster deaths come from EM-DAT, CRED / UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium – www.emdat.be (D. Guha-Sapir).

Population estimates for the 1920s from the Maddison Database 2010 come from the Groningen Growth and Development Centre, Faculty of Economics and Business at University of Groningen. For years not shown population is assumed to have grown at a steady rate.

Population estimates for the 2010s come from World Bank Data.

8

NASA - GISS Surface Temperature Analysis

NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information - Daily Summaries Station Details, NY, Central Park

9

NASA - Carbon Dioxide Fertilization Greening Earth, Study Finds

Regional trends vary, but overall the world's leaf area increased by 5.4 million square kilometers, or an amazon rainforest worth of greening, between 2000 and 2017 alone with over 1/3 of vegetated land showing an increase while only 5% showed a loss of green vegetation.

“Long-term satellite records reveal a significant global greening of vegetated areas since the 1980s, which recent data suggest has continued past 2010. … Global vegetation models suggest that CO2 fertilization is the main driver of global vegetation greening.”
Piao, S., Wang, X., Park, T. et al. Characteristics, drivers and feedbacks of global greening. Nat Rev Earth Environ 1, 14–27 (2020)

10

Zhao et al. (2021)

11

NOAA - Climate change rule of thumb: cold "things" warming faster than warm things

12

NOAA - Climate change rule of thumb: cold "things" warming faster than warm things

13

IPCC AR6, WG1, chapter 4

Even in the extreme, and likely unachievable, emissions scenario leading to 8.5W/m^2 of additional energy influx to the planetary surface (dark red line), temperatures will eventually level off. This scenario requires viable alternatives like nuclear to be unavailable for another century or more while we maintain population and significant economic growth.

14

NOAA - Global Warming and Hurricanes

15

IPCC AR6, WG1, chapter 4

16

U.S. EPA - Air Pollutant Emissions Trends Data